University of Waterloo

Scientific Imaging

Image Processing and Computer Vision are very broad concepts, applicable to any number of contexts involving data acquisition from a camera of some sort.  Most images studied in the context of denoising or compression are every-day, human-world images, photos of people, buildings, scenery etc.  The human world has a complex structure, full of straight lines and edges, and is difficult to model, therefore many of the methods developed for such images are heuristic in nature.

In contrast, scientific imaging refers to working on two- or three-dimensional imagery taken for a scientific purpose, in most cases acquired either through a microscope or remotely-sensed images taken at a distance.  In contrast to the complex structure of the human (meter) scale, at both the micron scale (crystals, grains of sand, groups of cells) and at the kilometer scale (forests, deserts) the natural world has a much more random, textured, or irregular structure which can often well be modeled mathematically as a random field.

The methods developed for scientific imaging tend to be less heuristic, and more model based, than those in photographic image processing.  Markov random fields, Gibbs random fields, hidden Markov models, and wavelet models are some of the approaches which we use here.

Related people

Directors

Students

Alumni

Related demos

Porous Media

Multiplexed Optical High-coherence Interferometry

Related publications

Journal Articles

Ghanbari M., Xu L., and Clausi D.A, "Local and Global Spatial Information for Land Cover Semisupervised Classification of Complex Polarimetric SAR Data", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 16, pp. 3892-3904, 2023. Get it here. Teller N., Chad J.A., Wong A., Gunraj H., Ji X., Goubran M., Gilboa A., Roudaia E., Sekuler A., Churchill N., Schweizer T., Gao F., Masellis M., Lam B., Heyn C., Cheng I., Fowler R., Black S.E., MacIntosh B.J., Graham S.J., and Chen J.J, "Feasibility of diffusion-tensor and correlated diffusion imaging for studying white-matter microstructural abnormalities: Applic", Human Brain Mapping, vol. 44, pp. 3998-4010, 2023. Get it here. Aghamohammadi H., Thomas K.E., Srikant S., Deglint J., Wong A., and Poudineh M, "A competitive, bead-based assay combined with microfluidics for multiplexed toxin detection", Lab on a Chip, vol. 23, pp. 3245-3257, 2023. Get it here. Zhu Z., Parker W., and Wong A, "Leveraging deep learning for automatic recognition of microplastics (MPs) via focal plane array (FPA) micro-FT-IR imaging", Environmental Pollution, vol. 127, 2023. Get it here. Fang Y., Xu L., Chen Y., Zhou W., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "A Bayesian Deep Image Prior Downscaling Approach for High-Resolution Soil Moisture Estimation", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 15, pp. 4571-4582, 2022. Get it here. Jiang M., Clausi D.A., and Xu L, "Sea-Ice Mapping of RADARSAT-2 Imagery by Integrating Spatial Contexture With Textural Features", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 15, pp. 7964-7977, 2022. Get it here. Hosseinaee Z., Pellegrino N., Abbasi N., Amiri T., Simmons J.A.T., Fieguth P., and Haji Reza P, "Author Correction: In-vivo functional and structural retinal imaging using multiwavelength photoacoustic remote sensing microsco", Scientific Reports, vol. 12, 2022. Get it here. Hosseinaee Z., Pellegrino N., Abbasi N., Amiri T., Simmons J.A.T., Fieguth P., and Haji Reza P, "In-vivo functional and structural retinal imaging using multiwavelength photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy", Scientific Reports, vol. 12, 2022. Get it here. Pellegrino N., Ecclestone B.R., Dinakaran D., van Landeghem F., Fieguth P., and Reza P.H, "Time-domain feature extraction for target specificity in photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy", Optics Letters, vol. 47, pp. 3952-3955, 2022. Get it here. Pfisterer K.J., Amelard R., Chung A.G., Syrnyk B., MacLean A., Keller H.H., and Wong A, "Automated food intake tracking requires depth-refined semantic segmentation to rectify visual-volume discordance in long-term ca", Scientific Reports, vol. 12, 2022. Get it here. Aghamohammadi H., Hosseini S.A., Srikant S., Wong A., and Poudineh M, "Computational and Experimental Model to Study Immunobead-Based Assays in Microfluidic Mixing Platforms", Analytical Chemistry, vol. 94, pp. 2087-2098, 2022. Get it here. Radhakrishnan K., Scott K.A., and Clausi D.A, "Sea Ice Concentration Estimation: Using Passive Microwave and SAR Data with a U-Net and Curriculum Learning", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 14, pp. 5339-5351, 2021. Get it here. Ghanbari M., Clausi D.A., and Xu L, "CP-IRGS: A Region-Based Segmentation of Multilook Complex Compact Polarimetric SAR Data", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 14, pp. 6559-6571, 2021. Get it here. Hosseinaee Z., Ecclestone B., Pellegrino N., Khalili L., Mukhangaliyeva L., Fieguth P., and Reza P.H, "Functional photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy using a stabilized temperature-regulated stimulated Raman scattering light so", Optics Express, vol. 29, pp. 29745-29754, 2021. Get it here. Cudlip A.C., Callaghan J.P., Dulhanty C., Wong A., and Dickerson C.R, "Quantifying supraspinatus tendon responses to exposures emulative of human physiological levels in an animal model", Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 122, 2021. Get it here. Ecclestone B.R., Bell K., Abbasi S., Dinakaran D., van Landeghem F.K.H., Mackey J.R., Fieguth P., and Haji Reza P, "Improving maximal safe brain tumor resection with photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy", Scientific Reports, vol. 10, 2020. Get it here. Viggiani D., Mannen E.M., Nelson-Wong E., Wong A., Ghiselli G., Shelburne K.B., Davidson B.S., and Callaghan J.P, "Lumbar intervertebral kinematics during an unstable sitting task and its association with standing-induced low back pain", Journal of Applied Biomechanics, vol. 36, pp. 423-435, 2020. Get it here. Yu B., Xu L., Peng J., Hu Z., and Wong A, "Global chlorophyll- a concentration estimation from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer using convolutional neural net", Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, vol. 14, 2020. Get it here. Fewster K.M., Noguchi M., Gooyers C.E., Wong A., and Callaghan J.P, "Exploring the regional disc bulge response of the cervical porcine intervertebral disc under varying loads and posture", Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 104, 2020. Get it here. Fewster K.M., Haider S., Gooyers C.E., Callaghan J., and Wong A, "A computerised system for measurement of the radial displacement of the intervertebral disc using a laser scanning device", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization, vol. 8, pp. 287-293, 2020. Get it here. Yu J., Tang S., Zhangzhong L., Zheng W., Wang L., Wong A., and Xu L, "A deep learning approach for multi-depth soil water content prediction in summer maize growth period", IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 199097-199110, 2020. Get it here. Goetz J., Fieguth P., Kasiri K., Bodin X., Marcer M., and Brenning A, "Accounting for permafrost creep in high-resolution snow depth mapping by modelling sub-snow ground deformation", Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 127, 2019. Get it here. Liu J., Scott K.A., and Fieguth P.W, "Detection of marginal ice zone in Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery using curvelet-based features: A case study on the Canadian E", Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, vol. 13, 2019. Get it here. Kazemzadeh F., and Wong A, "Digital holographic microscopy", Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 519-523, 2019. Get it here. Fang Y., Xu L., Peng J., Yang H., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Unsupervised Bayesian Classification of a Hyperspectral Image Based on the Spectral Mixture Model and Markov Random Field", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 11, pp. 3325-3337, 2018. Get it here. Beltrame T., Amelard R., Wong A., and Hughson R.L, "Extracting aerobic system dynamics during unsupervised activities of daily living using wearable sensor machine learning models", Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 124, pp. 473-481, 2018. Get it here. Wong A., Shafiee M.J., and St Jules M, "MicronNet: A highly compact deep convolutional neural network architecture for real-time embedded traffic sign classification", IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 59803-59810, 2018. Get it here. Gunn G.E., Duguay C.R., Derksen C., Clausi D.A., and Toose P, "Investigating the influence of variable freshwater ice types on passive and active microwave observations", Remote Sensing, vol. 9, 2017. Get it here. Xu L., Shafiee M.J., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Fully Connected Continuous Conditional Random Field with Stochastic Cliques for Dark-Spot Detection in SAR Imagery", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 9, pp. 2882-2890, 2016. Get it here. Xu L., Wong A., Li F., and Clausi D.A, "Extraction of Endmembers from Hyperspectral Images Using A Weighted Fuzzy Purified-Means Clustering Model", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 9, pp. 695-707, 2016. Get it here. Liu C., Wong A., Akhlagh Moayed A., Fieguth P., Bie H., and Bizheva K, "Automatic tracking of pupillary dynamics from in vivo functional optical coherence tomography images", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization, vol. 4, pp. 306-316, 2016. Get it here. Kazemzadeh F., and Wong A, "Laser Light-field Fusion for Wide-field Lensfree On-chip Phase Contrast Microscopy of Nanoparticles", Scientific Reports, vol. 6, 2016. Get it here. Beltrame T., Amelard R., Villar R., Shafiee M.J., Wong A., and Hughson R.L, "Estimating oxygen uptake and energy expenditure during treadmill walking by neural network analysis of easy-to-obtain inputs", Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 121, pp. 1226-1233, 2016. Get it here. Haider S.A., Cameron A., Siva P., Lui D., Shafiee M.J., Boroomand A., Haider N., and Wong A, "Fluorescence microscopy image noise reduction using a stochastically-connected random field model", Scientific Reports, vol. 6, 2016. Get it here. Li F., Xu L., Siva P., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Hyperspectral Image Classification with Limited Labeled Training Samples Using Enhanced Ensemble Learning and Conditional Random", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 8, pp. 2427-2438, 2015. Get it here. Xu L., Li F., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Hyperspectral Image Denoising Using a Spatial-Spectral Monte Carlo Sampling Approach", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 8, pp. 3025-3038, 2015. Get it here. Campaigne W.R., and Fieguth P.W, "Frozen-state hierarchical annealing", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 22, pp. 1486-1497, 2015. Get it here. Liu Y., Wong A., and Fieguth P, "Synthesis of remote sensing label fields using a tree-structured hierarchical model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 49, pp. 2060-2070, 2015. Get it here. Sinha S.K., and Fieguth P.W, "Morphological segmentation and classification of underground pipe images", Machine Vision and Applications, vol. 17, pp. 21-31, 2015. Get it here. Jin F., Fieguth P., and Winger L, "Wavelet video denoising with regularized multiresolution motion estimation", Eurasip Journal on Applied Signal Processing, vol. 127, pp. 1-11, 2015. Get it here. Sinha S.K., and Fieguth P.W, "Neuro-fuzzy network for the classification of buried pipe defects", Automation in Construction, vol. 15, pp. 73-83, 2015. Get it here. Sinha S.K., and Fieguth P.W, "Segmentation of buried concrete pipe images", Automation in Construction, vol. 15, pp. 47-57, 2015. Get it here. Sinha S.K., and Fieguth P.W, "Automated detection of cracks in buried concrete pipe images", Automation in Construction, vol. 15, pp. 58-72, 2015. Get it here. Sinha S.K., Fieguth P.W., and Polak M.A, "Computer vision techniques for automatic structural assessment of underground pipes", Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, vol. 18, pp. 95-112, 2015. Get it here. Kazemzadeh F., Jin C., Molladavoodi S., Mei Y., Emelko M.B., Gorbet M.B., and Wong A, "Lens-free spectral light-field fusion microscopy for contrast- and resolution-enhanced imaging of biological specimens", Optics Letters, vol. 40, pp. 3862-3865, 2015. Get it here. Wong A., Wang X.Y., and Gorbet M, "Bayesian-based deconvolution fluorescence microscopy using dynamically updated nonstationary expectation estimates", Scientific Reports, vol. 5, 2015. Get it here. Kazemzadeh F., Wong A., Behr B.B., and Hajian A.R, "Depth profilometry via multiplexed optical high-coherence interferometry", PLoS ONE, vol. 10, 2015. Get it here. Wong A., Kazemzadeh F., Jin C., and Wang X.Y, "Bayesian-based aberration correction and numerical diffraction for improved lensfree on-chip microscopy of biological specimens", Optics Letters, vol. 40, pp. 2233-2236, 2015. Get it here. Cho D.S., Wong A., Callaghan J.P., Yates J., and Clausi D.A, "Markov-chain Monte Carlo-based image reconstruction for streak artefact reduction on contrast-enhanced computed tomography", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization, vol. 2, pp. 67-75, 2014. Get it here. Scott K.A., Li E., and Wong A, "Sea ice surface temperature estimation using MODIS and AMSR-E data within a guided variational model along the Labrador coast", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 7, pp. 3685-3694, 2014. Get it here. Wong A., Gallagher K.M., and Callaghan J.P, "Computerised system for measurement of muscle thickness based on ultrasonography", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 249-255, 2013. Get it here. Yang X., and Clausi D.A, "Evaluating SAR sea ice image segmentation using edge-preserving region-based MRFs", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 5, pp. 1383-1393, 2012. Get it here. Schwartz S., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Compressive fluorescence microscopy using saliency-guided sparse reconstruction ensemble fusion", Optics Express, vol. 20, pp. 17281-17296, 2012. Get it here. Wong A., Genest R., Chandrashekar N., Choh V., and Irving E.L, "Automatic system for 3D reconstruction of the chick eye based on digital photographs", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 141-149, 2012. Get it here. Wong A., Hariri S., Song E.S., and Bizheva K, "Tensor total variation approach to optical coherence tomography reconstruction for improved visualization of retinal microvascul", Biomedical Optics Express, vol. 3, pp. 160-169, 2012. Get it here. Kachouie N.N., Fieguth P., Gamble D., Jervis E., Ezziane Z., and Khademhosseini A, "Constrained watershed method to infer morphology of mammalian cells in microscopic images", Cytometry Part A, vol. 77, pp. 1148-1159, 2010. Get it here. Siva P., Wayne Brodland G., and Clausi D, "Detection of mitoses in embryonic epithelia using motion field analysis", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 12, pp. 151-163, 2009. Get it here. Alexander S.K., Fieguth P., Ioannidis M.A., and Vrscay E.R, "Hierarchical annealing for synthesis of binary images", Mathematical Geosciences, vol. 41, pp. 357-378, 2009. Get it here. Wong A., Dunk N.M., and Callaghan J.P, "A systematic approach to feature tracking of lumbar spine vertebrae from fluoroscopic images using complex-valued wavelets", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 12, pp. 607-616, 2009. Get it here. Iles P.J.W., Brodland G.W., Clausi D.A., and Puddister S.M, "Erratum to Estimation of cellular fabric in embryonic epithelia ((2007), 10, 1)", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 244, 2007. Get it here. Iles P.J.W., Brodland G.W., Clausi D.A., and Puddister S.M, "Estimation of cellular fabric in embryonic epithelia", Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 75-84, 2007. Get it here. Carballo G.F., and Fieguth P.W, "Hierarchical network flow phase unwrapping", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 40, pp. 1695-1708, 2002. Get it here. Schwartz M.J., Barrett J.W., Fieguth P.W., Rosenkranz P.W., Spina M.S., and Staelin D.H, "Observations of thermal and precipitation structure in a tropical cyclone by means of passive microwave imagery near 118 GHz", Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 35, pp. 671-678, 1996. Get it here. Brodland G.W., and Clausi D.A, "Embryonic tissue morphogenesis modeled by FEM", Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol. 116, pp. 146-155, 1994. Get it here. Fieguth P.W., and Staelin D.H, "High-accuracy profiler that uses depth from focus", Applied Optics, vol. 33, pp. 686-689, 1994. Get it here. Chen X., Cantu F.J.P., Patel M., Xu L., Brubacher N.C., Scott K.A., and Clausi D.A, "A comparative study of data input selection for deep learning-based automated sea ice mapping", International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 127, . Get it here. Jiang M., Chen X., Xu L., and Clausi D.A, "IceGCN: An Interactive Sea Ice Classification Pipeline for SAR Imagery Based on Graph Convolutional Network", Remote Sensing, vol. 16, . Get it here. Sepanj M., Moradi S., Nazemi A., Preston C., Lee A.M.D., and Fieguth P, "From Single Shot to Structure: End-to-End Network-Based Deflectometry for Specular Free-Form Surface Reconstruction", Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 14, . Get it here.

Conference Papers

Zhu Z., Parker W., and Wong A, "Microplastic Mass Quantification Using Focal Plane Array-Based Micro-Fourier-Transform Infrared Imaging", Environmental Engineering Science, 2024. Get it here. Chen X., Scott K.A., Jiang M., Fang Y., Xu L., and Clausi D.A, "Sea ice classification with dual-polarized SAR imagery: a hierarchical pipeline", Proceedings - 2023 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision Workshops, WACVW 2023, 2023. Get it here. Pena Cantu F.J., Chen X., Liu Y., Kanani K., Park J., Tunes J.N., Xu L., Scott K.A., and Clausi D.A, "A Hierarchical Multitask U-Net for Automated Sea Ice Mapping from AI4Arctic Sea Ice Challenge Dataset", Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), 2023. Get it here. Tweel J., Pellegrino N., Ecclestone B.R., Fieguth P., and Reza P.H, "Tissue-Specific Labelling using Temporal Feature Extraction in Photoacoustic Remote Sensing Microscopy", Optics InfoBase Conference Papers, 2022. Get it here. Abbasi S., Wong A., and Shafiee M.J, "MAPLE: Microprocessor A Priori for Latency Estimation", IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2022. Get it here. Yun S., and Wong A, "Do all mobilenets quantize poorly? gaining insights into the effect of quantization on depthwise separable convolutional network", IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2021. Get it here. Sengupta S., Athwale A., Gulati T., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Funsyn-Net: Enhanced residual variational auto-encoder and image-to-image translation network for fundus image synthesis", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2020. Get it here. Singh A., Mohammed A.R., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Interpretation of deep learning using attributions: Application to ophthalmic diagnosis", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2020. Get it here. Barritt N., Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy M., Faruq I., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Fundus camera versus smartphone camera attachment: Image quality analysis", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2019. Get it here. Sengupta S., Singh A., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Cross-domain diabetic retinopathy detection using deep learning", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2019. Get it here. Boroomand A., Tan B., Shafiee M.J., Bizheva K., and Wong A, "A random field computational adaptive optics framework for optical coherence microscopy", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2019. Get it here. Hosseinaee Z., Tan B., Kralj O., Han L., Wong A., Sorbara L., and Bizheva K, "Fully automated corneal nerve segmentation algorithm for corneal nerves analysis from in-vivo UHR-OCT images", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2019. Get it here. Kazemzadeh F., Li-Chang H., and Wong A, "Enhanced spectral lightfield fusion microscopy via deep computational optics for whole-slide pathology", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2019. Get it here. Kabiljagic D., and Wong A, "Resolution-enhanced digital epiluminescence microscopy using deep computational optics", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2019. Get it here. Deglint J.L., Jin C., and Wong A, "A multispectral Bayesian-based computational microscopy method for enhancing image quality", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2019. Get it here. Ma A., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Deep learning-driven depth from defocus via active multispectral quasi-random projections with complex subpatterns", Proceedings - 2018 15th Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, CRV 2018, 2018. Get it here. Amelard R., Pfisterer K.J., Jagani S., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Non-contact assessment of obstructive sleep apnea cardiovascular biomarkers using photoplethysmography imaging", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2018. Get it here. Roy P., Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy M., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Comparison of Gaussian filter versus wavelet-based denoising on graph-based segmentation of retinal OCT images", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2018. Get it here. Gholami P., Sheikh Hassani M., Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy M., Zelek J.S., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Classification of optical coherence tomography images for diagnosing different ocular diseases", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2018. Get it here. Roy P., Gholami P., Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy M., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Automated intraretinal layer segmentation of optical coherence tomography images using graph-theoretical methods", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2018. Get it here. Gholami P., Roy P., Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy M., Ommani A., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Intra-retinal segmentation of optical coherence tomography images using active contours with a dynamic programming initializatio", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2018. Get it here. Lunscher N., and Zelek J, "Deep learning whole body point cloud scans from a single depth map", IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2018. Get it here. Ma A., and Wong A, "An inverse problem approach to computational active depth from defocus", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018. Get it here. Pfisterer K.J., Amelard R., and Wong A, "Differential color space analysis for investigating nutrient content in a puréed food dilution-flavor matrix: A step toward obj", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2018. Get it here. Haider S.A., Tran M.Y., and Wong A, "Computational circular dichroism estimation for point-of-care diagnostics via vortex half-wave retarders", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2018. Get it here. Ma A., Wong A., and Clausi D, "Depth from defocus via active quasi-random point projections: A deep learning approach", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2017. Get it here. Amelard R., Hughson R.L., Greaves D.K., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Assessing photoplethysmographic imaging performance beyond facial perfusion analysis", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2017. Get it here. Amelard R., Hughson R.L., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Non-contact arrhythmia assessment in natural settings: A step toward preventive cardiac care", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2017. Get it here. Leopold H.A., Orchard J., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Use of gabor filters and deep networks in the segmentation of retinal vessel morphology", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2017. Get it here. Leopold H.A., Orchard J., Zelek J., and Lakshminarayanan V, "Segmentation and feature extraction of retinal vascular morphology", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2017. Get it here. Zelek J., and Lunscher N, "Point Cloud Completion of Foot Shape from a Single Depth Map for Fit Matching Using Deep Learning View Synthesis", Proceedings - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCVW 2017, 2017. Get it here. Lunscher N., and Zelek J, "Deep Learning Anthropomorphic 3D Point Clouds from a Single Depth Map Camera Viewpoint", Proceedings - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCVW 2017, 2017. Get it here. Boroomand A., Tan B., Wong A., and Bizheva K, "A stochastically fully connected conditional random field framework for super resolution OCT", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2017. Get it here. Haider S.A., Kazemzadeh F., and Wong A, "Computational laser intensity stabilisation for organic molecule concentration estimation in low-resource settings", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2017. Get it here. Deglint J., Chung A.G., Chwyl B., Amelard R., Kazemzadeh F., Wang X.Y., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Photoplethysmographic imaging via spectrally demultiplexed erythema fluctuation analysis for remote heart rate monitoring", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2016. Get it here. Amelard R., Pfisterer K.J., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Non-contact hematoma damage and healing assessment using reflectance photoplethysmographic imaging", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2016. Get it here. Amelard R., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Spectral photoplethysmographic imaging sensor fusion for enhanced heart rate detection", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2016. Get it here. Li F., Wong A., and Zelek J, "Hierarchical grouping approach for fast approximate RGB-D scene flow", Proceedings - 2016 13th Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, CRV 2016, 2016. Get it here. Kazemzadeh F., Jin C., Yu M., Amelard R., Haider S., Saini S., Emelko M., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Multispectral digital holographic microscopy with applications in water quality assessment", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Deglint J., Kazemzadeh F., Shafiee M.J., Li E., Khodadad I., Saini S.S., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Virtual spectral multiplexing for applications in in-situ imaging microscopy of transient phenomena", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Chung A., Wang X.Y., Amelard R., Scharfenberger C., Leong J., Kulinski J., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "High-resolution motion-compensated imaging photoplethysmography for remote heart rate monitoring", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2015. Get it here. Haider S.A., Kazemzadeh F., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Integrated computational imaging system for enhanced polarimetric measurements", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Deglint J., Kazemzadeh F., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Inference of dense spectral reflectance images from sparse reflectance measurement using non-linear regression modeling", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Kazemzadeh F., Haider S., Jin C., Clausi D.A., and Wong A, "Concurrent fluorescence macro-imaging across multiple spectral regions in the visible and the near infrared", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Zhu M.X., Scharfenberger C., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Simultaneous Scene Reconstruction and Auto-Calibration Using Constrained Iterative Closest Point for 3D Depth Sensor Array", Proceedings -2015 12th Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, CRV 2015, 2015. Get it here. Amelard R., Scharfenberger C., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Illumination-compensated non-contact imaging photoplethysmography via dual-mode temporally coded illumination", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2015. Get it here. Amelard R., Scharfenberger C., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Non-contact assessment of melanin distribution via multispectral temporal illumination coding", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2015. Get it here. Glaister J., Haider S.A., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Restoration of block-transform compressed images via homotopic regularized sparse reconstruction", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Haider S.A., Scharfenberger C., Kazemzadeh F., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Multi-polarimetric textural distinctiveness for outdoor robotic saliency detection", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Gawish A., Fieguth P., Marschall S., and Bizheva K, "Undecimated hierarchical active contours for oct image segmentation", 2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP 2014, 2015. Get it here. Marschall S., Gawish A., Feng Y., Sorbara L., Fieguth P., and Bizheva K, "In-vivo imaging of keratoconic corneas using high-speed high-resolution swept-source OCT", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2015. Get it here. Shafiee M.J., Azimifar Z., Wong A., and Fieguth P, "A novel hierarchical model-based frame rate up-conversion via spatio-temporal conditional random fields", Proceedings - 2011 IEEE InternationalSymposium on Multimedia, ISM 2011, 2015. Get it here. Liu Y., and Fieguth P, "Parallel hidden hierarchical fields for multi-scale reconstruction", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2015. Get it here. Mohebi A., Liu Y., and Fieguth P, "Hierarchical Sampling with Constraints", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2015. Get it here. Liu Y., and Fieguth P, "Image resolution enhancement with hierarchical hidden fields", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2015. Get it here. Liu Y., Mohebi A., and Fieguth P, "Modeling of multiscale porous media using multiple Markov random fields", Poromechanics IV - 4th Biot Conference on Poromechanics, 2015. Get it here. Mohebi A., and Fieguth P, "Statistical fusion and sampling of scientific images", Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP, 2015. Get it here. Kachouie N.N., and Fieguth P, "Background estimation for microscopic cellular images", Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP, 2015. Get it here. Mohebi A., and Fieguth P, "Constrained sampling using simulated annealing", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2015. Get it here. Wesolkowski S., and Fieguth P, "Hierarchical region mean-based image segmentation", Third Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, CRV 2006, 2015. Get it here. Mohebi A., and Fieguth P, "Posterior sampling of scientific images", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2015. Get it here. Sinha S.K., Fieguth P.W., and Polak M.A, "Computer vision techniques for inspection of pipes", Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Sinha S.K., Fieguth P.W., Polak M.A., and McKim R.A, "Novel system for automatic underground pipe distress detection and classification", Proceedings, Annual Conference - Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Li F., Li E., Shafiee M.J., Wong A., and Zelek J, "Dense Depth Map Reconstruction from Sparse Measurements Using a Multilayer Conditional Random Field Model", Proceedings -2015 12th Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, CRV 2015, 2015. Get it here. Haider S.A., Shafiee M.J., Chung A., Khalvati F., Oikonomou A., Wong A., and Haider M.A, "Single-click, semi-automatic lung nodule contouring using hierarchical conditional random fields", Proceedings - International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, 2015. Get it here. Boroomand A., Tan B., Wong A., and Bizheva K, "Axial resolution improvement in Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography using a depth-adaptive maximum-a-posterior framewor", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2015. Get it here. Boroomand A., Shafiee M.J., Wong A., and Bizheva K, "Lateral resolution enhancement via imbricated spectral domain optical coherence tomography in a maximum-a-posterior reconstructi", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2015. Get it here. Li E., Shafiee M.J., Kazemzadeh F., and Wong A, "Sparse reconstruction of compressed sensing multispectral data using a cross-spectral multilayered conditional random field mode", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Get it here. Kazemzadeh F., Shafiee M.J., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Reconstruction of compressive multispectral sensing data using a multilayered conditional random field approach", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2014. Get it here. Wang G., Zelek J.S, and Jonathan Wu Q.M, "Structure and motion factorization of nonrigid objects", 3D Reconstruction: Methods, Applications and Challenges, 2013. Get it here. Zelek J.S., Holbein M., Hajebi K., Asmar D.C., and Cheng D, "IR depth from stereo for autonomous navigation", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2013. Get it here. Schwartz S., Wong A., and Clausi D.A, "Saliency-guided compressive fluorescence microscopy", Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS, 2012. Get it here. Eichel J.A., Lee D.D., Wong A., Fieguth P.W., Clausi D.A., and Bizheva K.K, "Despeckling vs averaging of retinal UHROCT tomograms: Advantages and limitations", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2011. Get it here. Wang X.Y., Wong A., and Lien S.-Y, "Spectral variation constrained power spectral density estimation for wideband spectrum sensing", 2010 3rd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies, ISABEL 2010, 2010. Get it here. Bizheva K., Hyun C., Eichel J., Hariri S., Mishra A., Clausi D., Fieguth P., Simpson T., and Hutchings N, "Evaluation of hypoxic swelling of human cornea with high speed, ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography", Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2009. Get it here. Mohebi A., Fieguth P., and Ioannidis M, "Modeling and reconstruction of two-scale porous media using MRI measurement", Poromechanics IV - 4th Biot Conference on Poromechanics, 2009. Get it here. Wong A., and Bishop W, "Robust Hough-based symbol recognition using knowledge-based hierarchical neural networks", Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition, IPCV 2008, 2008. Get it here. Alexander S.K., Fieguth P., and Vrscay E.R, "Hierarchical annealing for scientific models", ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings, 2004. Get it here. Wesolkowski S., and Fieguth P, "Hierarchical regions for image segmentation", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2004. Get it here. Alexander S.K., Fieguth P., and Vrscay E.R, "Parameterized hierarchical annealing for scientific models", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2004. Get it here. Jamieson M., Fieguth P., and Lee L.J, "Parametric contour estimation by simulated annealing", IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2003. Get it here. Alexander S.K., Fieguth P., and Vrscay E.R, "Image sampling by hierarchical annealing", IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2003. Get it here. Alexander S.K., Fieguth P., and Vrscay E.R, "Hierarchical annealing for random image synthesis", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2003. Get it here. Azimifar Z., Fieguth P., and Jernigan E, "Hierarchical Markov models for wavelet-domain statistics", IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing Proceedings, 2003. Get it here. Azimifar Z., Fieguth P., and Jernigan E, "Hierarchical multiscale modeling of wavelet-based correlations", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2002. Get it here. Wesolkowski S., and Fieguth P, "Color image segmentation using vector angle-based region growing", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2001. Get it here. Fieguth P., and Wesolkowski S, "Highlight and shading invariant color image segmentation using simulated annealing", Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2001. Get it here. Murray M.J., Allen M.R., and Fieguth P.W, "Application of hierarchical estimation methods to interpolation of SST data", European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP, 2000. Get it here. Sinha Sunil K., Karray Fakri, and Fieguth Paul W, "Underground pipe cracks classification using image analysis and neuro-fuzzy algorithm", IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control - Proceeding, 1999. Get it here. Fieguth Paul W., and Sinha Sunil K, "Automated analysis and detection of cracks in underground scanned pipes", IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 1999. Get it here. Scott D.J., Basir O.A., Hassanein Khaled, and Zelek J, "Data fusion approach to verifying hand-written signatures on bank cheques", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999. Get it here. Fieguth P.W., Allen M.R., and Murray M.J, "Hierarchical methods for global-scale estimation problems", Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1998. Get it here. Schwartz M.J., Barrett J.W., Fieguth P.W., Rosenkranz P.W., Spina M.S., and Staelin D.H, "Passive microwave imagery of a tropical storm near 118 GHz thermal and precipitation structure", International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 1994. Get it here. Fieguth P.W., Karl W.C., and Willsky A.S, "A statistical multiscale approach to mapping altimetric data", Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1994. Get it here.